How Whales Click: An Explanation of Sperm Whale Vocalization
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Sperm whales generate clicks by blowing air through phonic lips, which is then focused and directed through specialized fatty organs like the melon and spermaceti organ. Recent research suggests these clicks are highly directional monopulses rather than the multi-pulse signals previously described in older literature.
額隆(melon)由專門的「聲學脂質」組成,這些脂質在結構內呈異質排列。聲音在額隆核心區域脂質中的傳播速度低於在額隆外皮層脂質中的傳播速度(Litchfield et al., 1973; Norris and Harvey, 1974; 綜述於 Cranford et al., 1996; Koopman et al., 2003)。這種聲速差異導致聲能向額隆核心折射,從而產生聚焦的聲束。面部肌肉可能起到改變脂肪聲傳輸路徑形狀的作用,這可能會影響聲束發射的方向,和/或在聲音離開額隆並傳輸到環境中之前改變發射聲音的頻率(Norris and Harvey, 1974; Mead, 1975; Harper et al., 2008)。